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Spatial and temporal winter territory use and behavioral responses of whooping cranes to human activities

机译:百日鹤对人类活动的时空冬季使用和行为响应

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摘要

I investigated spatial and temporal winter behavior and behavioral responses of 5territorial whooping crane families to human activities at Aransas National WildlifeRefuge during winters 2003-2004 and 2004-2005. Adult and juvenile cranes spent themajority of the day foraging (63% and 66%, respectively). Alert behavior comprised15% of the cranes' time-activity budgets; preening or resting, and movement eachconstituted approximately 7% of the time-activity budget. Adults were more alert thanjuveniles in Jan-Feb. The proportion of time spent in other behaviors did not differ byage.Over-winter use of territories varied spatially and temporally. Flight occurrencewas highest in Nov-Dec, coinciding with establishment of territorial boundaries uponarrival at the wintering grounds. Movement velocity (meters traveled/min) also tendedto be highest in Nov-Dec, which may be due to territorial defense and foraging activities.Use of land, open water, and edge habitats (land and water interface) within territoriesappeared to fluctuate with primary food item availability. Disproportionate use of landhabitat by several crane families coincided with peak production of wolfberry (Lyciumcarolinianum) fruit, which occurs in Nov-Dec. Edge habitat was used disproportionately to its availability throughout the winter, most likely because this habitat type providedrefuge for blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), an important food item for whooping cranes.Several families also used open water disproportionately to its availability.Behavioral responses of whooping cranes to human activities were limited.Responses to varying frequency and intensity of human stimuli were evaluated. Moststimuli did not elicit a response. Two crane families decreased the proportion of timespent foraging during periods of high-intensity stimuli; one family increased movementduring such times. Foraging behavior of one family was significantly higher whenstimuli frequency was high; alert behavior significantly declined as stimuli frequencyincreased. The mixed responses of territorial families to varying levels of human stimulipaired with the overall high level of reproductive success of the entire population led tomy conclusion that current levels of human activities are not having a detrimental impacton the Aransas-Wood Buffalo whooping crane population.
机译:我调查了2003-2004年和2004-2005年冬季在Aransas国家野生动物保护区中五属鸣鹤家族对人类活动的时空冬季行为和行为响应。成年起重机和幼年起重机大部分时间都在觅食(分别占63%和66%)。警报行为占起重机时间活动预算的15%;美化或休息,以及运动分别占时间活动预算的7%。在1月至2月,成年人比青少年更机敏。在其他行为上花费的时间比例按年龄没有差异。整个冬天在领土上的使用在空间和时间上都不同。飞行发生在11月至12月最高,这与越冬地到达时确定领土边界相吻合。 11月至12月的移动速度(米/分钟)也趋于最高,这可能是由于领土防御和觅食活动造成的。领土内土地,开放水域和边缘生境(土地和水界面)的使用似乎随着主要植被的变化而波动。食品的可用性。几个鹤类家庭对土地栖息地的过度使用与11月至12月枸杞(Lyciumcarolinianum)水果的最高产量同时发生。边缘栖息地在整个冬季的利用率不成比例,这很可能是因为这种栖息地提供了蓝蟹(Callinectes sapidus)的庇护所,而蓝蟹是百日鹤的重要食物。限制人类活动的起重机。评估了对人类刺激频率和强度变化的响应。 Moststimuli没有引起反应。在高强度刺激期间,两个起重机家族减少了耗时的觅食比例。在这段时间里,一个家庭的运动增加了。当刺激频率高时,一个家庭的觅食行为显着增加。刺激行为随着刺激频率的增加而显着下降。领土家庭对不同水平的人类刺激物的反应不一,再加上整个种群的总体繁殖成功率很高,因此得出了我的结论,即目前的人类活动水平并未对Aransas-Wood Buffalo百日咳鹤种群造成不利影响。

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    LaFever Kristin E.;

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  • 年度 2009
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