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Ecological Effects and In-situ Detection of Particulate Contaminants in Aqueous Environments

机译:水环境中颗粒物的生态效应和就地检测

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摘要

The ecological effects and mechanistic efficiency of chemical oil spill countermeasures must be evaluated prior to their ethical application during real spill response scenarios. Equally important is the ability to monitor the effectiveness of any spill response in real time, permitting informed response management. In-situ sensors are key components of such event based monitoring and continuous monitoring programs. This project investigates crude oil toxicity as a particulate suspension, suitability of in-situ instrumentation to measure crude oil suspensions, and the applicability of using acoustic backscatter to measure suspended solids and sub-surface oil droplet suspension concentrations.The ecological effects to inter- and sub-tidal sediment dwelling organisms exposed to crude oil, both treated with a chemical dispersant and un-treated, was evaluated. Elevated toxicity, expressed as percent mortality and reduced luminescence, and oil concentrations were observed in inter-tidal sediments receiving oil only treatments compared to oil-plus-dispersant treatments. Sub-tidal sediments showed heterogeneous distribution of crude oil with elevated amphipod mortality compared to no oil controls suggesting an oil-sediment aggregation mechanism. A separate laboratory scale study found that the soluble crude oil fractions were responsible for the observed mortality in pelagic species while the more dominant oil droplet fractions were relatively non-toxic.Subsequent studies focused on the in-situ detection of crude oil and particle suspensions in aqueous environments. The first showed that both in-situ fluorescence spectroscopy and Laser In-Situ Scattering Transmissometry (LISST) can effectively measure crude oil concentrations in aqueous environments. The applicability of the LISST implies that crude oil in an aqueous medium can be measured as a particle suspension. Acoustic backscatter (ABS) was investigated for its applicability as a surrogate measurement technology for aqueous particle suspensions. This study showed a log linear correlation between ABS and volume concentration (VC) over a variable particle size distribution. This correlation is due to the dependency of both ABS and VC to the particle size distribution. Log-linear ABS responses to oil-droplet suspension volume concentrations were also demonstrated. However, the inability to reproduce response factors suggests that more work is required to produce viable calibrations that may be used for sub-surface oil plume detection.
机译:在实际的泄漏应对方案中,必须先评估化学漏油对策的生态效应和机械效率,然后再对其进行道德应用。同样重要的是,能够实时监视任何泄漏响应的有效性,从而进行明智的响应管理。现场传感器是此类基于事件的监视和连续监视程序的关键组件。该项目研究原油作为颗粒状悬浮液的毒性,现场仪器测量原油悬浮液的适用性以及使用声学反向散射法测量悬浮固体和地下油滴悬浮液浓度的适用性。对暴露于原油的潮下沉积物生物进行了评估,这些生物都经过化学分散剂处理和未经处理。与仅使用油加分散剂的处理相比,在仅接受油处理的潮间带沉积物中观察到了较高的毒性,表示为死亡率百分数和降低的发光度,并且观察到了油浓度。与没有控油措施相比,潮下沉积物显示出原油的非均质分布和两栖动物死亡率的增加,表明了油-沉积物的聚集机制。一项单独的实验室规模研究发现,可溶性原油馏分是造成浮游鱼类死亡的原因,而占主导地位的油滴馏分相对无毒。随后的研究集中于原位检测原油和颗粒悬浮液。水性环境。第一个结果表明,原位荧光光谱法和激光原位散射透射法(LISST)均可有效测量水性环境中的原油浓度。 LISST的适用性意味着可以将水性介质中的原油作为颗粒悬浮液进行测量。研究了声学反向散射(ABS)作为水性颗粒悬浮液替代测量技术的适用性。这项研究表明,在可变粒径分布下,ABS与体积浓度(VC)之间呈对数线性相关性。这种相关性是由于ABS和VC都依赖于粒度分布。还证明了对油滴悬浮液体积浓度的对数线性ABS反应。但是,由于无法重现响应因子,因此需要做更多工作才能产生可​​行的校准,这些校准可用于地下油羽探测。

著录项

  • 作者

    Fuller Christopher Byron;

  • 作者单位
  • 年度 2011
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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 en_US
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