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Interactions between figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and fig wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae

机译:无花果(榕属,桑科)和无花果黄蜂(Chalcidoidea,天牛科)之间的相互作用

摘要

Fig trees (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and fig wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae) are uniquely associated. Inone fig wasp group, the pollinators (Agaoninae), each species is generally host species-specific. Therelationship is one of obligate mutualism where the wasps provide pollination services and in return utilises some of the ovules for larval development. Non-pollinating fig wasps (generally belonging to subfamilies other than the Agaoninae) may be gallers or parasitoids, and can also be host species-specific. In the accompanying studies we examined the factors governing the interactions between fig wasps and their host trees. Surveys of fig trees and their associated pollinating fig wasps conducted in southern Africa, Madagascar and The Comores generally confirmed their specific relationships. An examination of F. sycomorlls in Madagascar resulted in the reclassification of F. sakalavarum as a distinct species with its own specific pollinator species. Biological and chemical evidence is presented demonstrating that the pollinators were able to distinguish their hosts through volatiles which emanated from the figs when they were ready to be pollinated. Environmental factors were found to influence wasp behaviour. Ambient temperature governed the timing of wasp emergence from their natal figs. When dispersing from their natal figs, the fig wasps flew upwards and then were blown downwind. Once nearing trees bearing figs ready to bepollinated, the wasps lost height and flew upwind towards the trees. E. baijnathi females apparently avoided figs which already contained a conspecific foundress. Scanning electron microscope studies of pollinating female fig wasp antennae showed that while all the species possessed multiporous plate sensilla, in only a few species were these sensilla elongated. Multiporous plate sensilla elongation is rare or absent among other female chalcids and may have evolved within the Agaoninae in order to facilitate their location on receptive host figs. Pollinator choice specificity appears to break down in a number of cases. In the first case examined, two pollinator species were recorded from the figs of African F. sycomorus. One. C. arabicus, pollinates the figs while the other, C. galili, acts as a 'cuckoo' by utilising some of ovules for oviposition without providing pollen. In the second case three pollinating fig wasp species were recorded from the rigs of F. lutea. Two were found to be incidental visitors and were not specifically attracted to the tree. The hybn ; seeds from these crosses were successfully germinated but the seedlings did not grow passed the cotyledon stage of their development. In the concluding study the consequences of Ficus phenology and the structure of the fig's unusual inflorescence on the nonpollinating fig wasp community were examined. Various factors affecting the population levels and species richness were also examined. Future possible research directions were discussed.
机译:无花果树(榕属植物,桑科)和无花果黄蜂(Chalcidoidea,Agaonidae)具有独特的关联。在一个无花果黄蜂组中,传粉媒介(Agaoninae),每个物种通常都是特定于宿主物种的。亲缘关系是专一的互惠关系之一,在这种关系中,黄蜂提供授粉服务,并利用某些胚珠促进幼虫发育。非授粉的无花果黄蜂(通常属于除A虫科以外的亚科)可能是gall虫或寄生蜂,也可能是特定宿主物种的。在伴随的研究中,我们研究了控制无花果黄蜂与其寄主树之间相互作用的因素。在南部非洲,马达加斯加和科莫尔进行的无花果树及其相关的授粉无花果黄蜂的调查总体上证实了它们的特殊关系。对马达加斯加的F. sycomorlls进行检查后,将sakalavarum F.重新分类为具有特定传粉媒介的独特物种。提供了生物和化学证据,表明授粉者能够通过准备从授粉时的无花果挥发物来区分宿主。发现环境因素影响黄蜂的行为。环境温度决定着从其出生的无花果中出现黄蜂的时间。从出生的无花果中散出时,无花果黄蜂会飞起来,然后被顺风吹走。一旦接近有无花果准备授粉的树木,黄蜂便失去了身高,飞向树木的上风处。 E. baijnathi雌性显然避免食用已经含有一个特定基业的无花果。授粉雌性无花果黄蜂触角的扫描电子显微镜研究表明,尽管所有物种都具有多孔板状感官,但只有少数物种是这些感官伸长的。多孔板状感官伸长在其他雌性鳞茎类动物中很少见或不存在,并且可能已在Agaoninae内进化,以便于将其定位在易受宿主无花果上。传粉媒介选择的特异性似乎在许多情况下都没有得到解决。在检查的第一种情况下,从非洲无花果无花果无花果中记录了两个传粉媒介物种。一。 C. arabicus使无花果授粉,而另一个C. galili通过利用一些胚珠产卵而充当“杜鹃”,而不提供花粉。在第二种情况下,从黄茶的装备中记录了三种授粉的无花果黄蜂物种。发现其中两个是偶然的访客,并没有被树吸引。 hybn;这些杂交的种子成功发芽,但幼苗未通过子叶发育阶段。在最后的研究中,研究了榕树物候学的后果以及无花果无花果黄蜂群落上无花果异常花序的结构。还检查了影响种群水平和物种丰富度的各种因素。讨论了未来可能的研究方向。

著录项

  • 作者

    Ware Anthony Brian;

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  • 年度 1993
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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 {"code":"en","name":"english","id":9}
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