Ash Pests: A Guide to Major Insects, Diseases, Air Pollution Injury, and ChemicalInjury

摘要

The ashes (Fraxinus spp.) are one of the authors' more valuable hardwoodresources--some 275 million board feet of ash lumber are sawn annually in the United States. Insects, diseases, and pollutants are continuing problems for the ashes, but few actually threaten their widespread use. Disease, simply stated, is a condition of abnormal growth resulting from infection by a biotic agent (fungus, bacterium, or virus), or induced by an abiotic stress such as drought or air pollution.