Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity-Tests with Early Life Stages of Four Atherinid Fishes: The Inland Silverside, 'Menidia beryllina', Atlantic Silverside, 'M. menidia', Tidewater Silverside, 'M. peninsulae' and California Grunion, 'Leuresthes tenuis'

摘要

Procedures are presented for spawning, culturing and conducting acute and chronic toxicity tests with four atherinid fishes: the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, Atlantic Silverside, M. menidia, tidewater silverside, M. peninsulae, and California grunion, Leuresthes tenuis. Guidelines also are provided for growing of food organisms (Chlorella sp., Branchionus plicatilis, and Artemia sp.) that are required for successful culture and testing of the atherinid fishes.