Persisting Effects of Armored Military Maneuvers on Some Soils of the Jojave Desert

摘要

Soil compaction and substrate modification produced during large-scale armored military maneuvers in the early 1940's were examined in 1981 at seven sites in California's eastern Mojave Desert. Recording penetrometer measurements show that tracks left by a single pass of an M3 'medium' tank have average soil resistance values that are 50% greater than those of the surrounding untracked soil in the upper 20 cm. At one site, measurements made along short segments of track that have been visually eliminated by erosion and deposition processes show a 73% increase in penetrometer resistance over adjacent, undisturbed soils. Dirt roadways at three former base camp locations could not be penetrated below 5-10 cm because of extreme compaction. Soil bulk density was not as sensitive an indicator of soil compaction as was penetrometer resistance. Density values in the upper 10 cm of soil are not significantly different between tank tracks and undisturbed soils at most sites, and roadways at two base camps show an average increase in bulk density of only 12% over adjacent soils. Trench excavations across tank tracks show that physical modification of the substrate can extend vertically beneath a track to a depth of 25 cm and outward from a track's edge to 50 cm. These soil disturbances are probably major factors that encourage accelerated soil erosion throughout the maneuver area and also retard or prevent the return of vegetation to pre-disturbance conditions.