In Japan, it was after 1960 that the nation's inventory of social infrastructure, including structures for dealing with natural disasters, began to increase. A major reason for progress in this area was the income doubling plan and the resulting availability of the funding required for infrastructure improvement and development.Civil engineering construction materials changed. The soil, wood and stone that had served as the major materials in conventional civil engineering were replaced with steel and concrete. Scaffolding logs were replaced with steel pipes. Vibrators cameinto use for concrete placement. Similarly, the extensive use of construction machinery led to faster construction times and improved structural reliability.
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