Spread of Listeria in Fauna of the Central Region of Russia

摘要

The results of studying the spread of Listeria in nature, among environmental objects, wild ungulates, and hydrobionts are given. Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Listeria species circulate in the territories of the Tver and Kaluga oblasts. There are12 oblasts in the central region of Russia. Numerous works were carried out earlier in the region to restore and increase the numbers of game species of animals and birds. At present, according the census data of Centrokhotokontrol of the Russian Federation Ministry of Agriculture (2007), the region is inhabited by 66500 moose, 94900 wild boars, 41600 roe deer, 8400 red deer, and 21400 sika deer. Acclimatization of introduced animals, and joint use of water and near-water territories, forests, bogs, and pastures by domestic and wild ungulates, as well as the entry of untreated wastewaters of the livestock industry into waters of the Volga River basin increase the import and spread of many infection causative agents pathogenic for animals and humans. Breeding of wild ungulates in open-air cages leads to a sharp increase in the threshold of infection by pathogenic organisms (tuberculosis, lep-tospirosis, septicemia, etc.), the so-called open-air cage effect occurs. Furthermore, the long use of solo-netzes and feeding grounds can also serve as some of the disease factors of animals and their relay involvement in an epizootic [1]. Pathogens of certain infections can easily adapt to biotic and abiotic habitat conditions and remain intact for a long timeon grass, soil, and water and successfully survive and sometimes reproduce in various intermediate links (phyto- and zooplankton, worms, arthropods, fish, and many others) [2]. In connection with this, such diseases as listeriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, calcivirosis, viral hepatitis type A, pox, etc., began to show up in wild animals and representatives of aquatic fauna [2-6].