The overarm-throwing pattern among U-14 ASA female softball players: a comparative study of gender, culture, and experience.

Petranek LJ; Barton GV

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The overarm-throwing pattern among U-14 ASA female softball players: a comparative study of gender, culture, and experience.

机译：U-14 ASA女子垒球运动员的过度投掷模式：对性别，文化和经验的比较研究。

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A developmental description of overarm-throwing characteristics of U-14female ASA softballplayers is presented here. Comparisons were made between these athletes and teens of similar age in the United States (Runion, Roberton, & Langendorfe 2003) and in Germany (Ehl, Roberton, & Langendorfer, 2005). A majority of the softball players demonstrated the most advanced developmental levels for the backswing foot, humerus, and forearm components. Seventy percent (n = 26) demonstrated a Level 2 trunk, while 30% (n = 11) demonstrated a differentiated trunk, Level 3. The average throwing velocity was 62.58 ft/s (19.07 m/s). Comparisons were made to girls with less throwing experience in the United States (Runion et al.) and Germany (Ehl et al.); the softball players threw with greater velocity (9.12ft/s [2.77 m/s]and 15.89 ft/s [4.84 m/s], respectively) and demonstrated superior trunk, humerus, and forearm actions. The boys from both countries threw the ball faster than the softball players. Significant chi-square analyses found the softball players had superior humeral actions (Level 3) compared to the German boys and superior forearm actions (Level 3) compared to both groups of bays. Experience seems to have an impact when comparisons among girls are made; yet, explanations for differences seen between boys and girls still remain unclear and warrant further research.

机译：这里介绍了U-14女ASA垒球运动员的过臂投掷特性的发展描述。在美国（Runion，Roberton和Langendorfe，2003年）和德国（Ehl，Roberton，和Langendorfer，2005年），对这些运动员和年龄相仿的青少年进行了比较。大多数垒球运动员在后摆脚，肱骨和前臂组件方面表现出最先进的发育水平。 70％（n = 26）展示了2级行李箱，而30％（n = 11）展示了3级行李箱。平均投掷速度为62.58 ft / s（19.07 m / s）。比较了在美国（Runion等人）和德国（Ehl等人）投掷经验较少的女孩。垒球运动员以更高的速度投掷（分别为9.12ft / s [2.77 m / s]和15.89 ft / s [4.84 m / s]），并表现出上等躯干，肱骨和前臂动作。两国的男孩都比垒球运动员投球更快。大量的卡方分析发现，垒球运动员比德国男孩的肱骨动作更好（3级），而两组海湾人的前臂动作更好（3级）。在对女孩进行比较时，经验似乎会产生影响;然而，关于男孩和女孩之间存在差异的解释仍不清楚，值得进一步研究。

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《Research quarterly for exercise and sport 》 |2011年第2期| 共9页
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Petranek LJ; Barton GV;
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1. The overarm-throwing pattern among U-14 ASA female softball players: a comparative study of gender, culture, and experience. [J] . Petranek LJ, Barton GV Research quarterly for exercise and sport . 2011 ,第2期

机译：U-14 ASA女子垒球运动员的过度投掷模式：对性别，文化和经验的比较研究。
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The overarm-throwing pattern among U-14 ASA female softball players: a comparative study of gender, culture, and experience.

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