In so many bacterial experiments, assuming that all the individual cells of Esche-richia coli or other bacterial species in a particular flask are identical in terms of genotype and phenotype is reasonable and usually works well. Indeed, accepting this premise led several generations of microbiolo-gists to study many microbiological properties and to uncover important biological principles, including metabolic pathways, the basics of nucleic acids and genes, and many mechanisms underlying their regulation and DNA replication.
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