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Relativistic electron avalanches as a thunderstorm discharge competing with lightning

机译:相对论电子雪崩作为雷暴放电与闪电竞争

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摘要

Gamma-ray 'glows' are long duration (seconds to tens of minutes) X-ray and gamma-ray emission coming from thunderclouds. Measurements suggest the presence of relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREA), the same process underlying terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. Here we demonstrate that glows are relatively a common phenomena near the tops of thunderstorms, when compared with events such as terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. Examining the strongest glow measured by the airborne detector for energetic emissions, we show that this glow is measured near the end of a downward RREA, consistent with occurring between the upper positive charge layer and the negative screening layer above it. The glow discharges the upper positive layer by >= 9.6 mA, strong enough to be an important charging mechanism of the storm. For this glow, the gamma-ray flux observed is close to the value at which relativistic feedback processes become important, with an avalanche multiplication factor of 4,500.
机译:伽马射线的“辉光”是雷雨云发出的长时间(几秒到几十分钟)的X射线和伽马射线。测量表明存在相对论失控电子雪崩(RREA),与地面伽马射线闪光相同。在这里,我们证明与地面伽玛射线闪光等事件相比,辉光是雷暴顶部附近的相对普遍现象。检查机载检测器测量到的最强辉光,以获得能量发射,我们发现此辉光是在向下的RREA末端附近测得的,与在上方的正电荷层和上方的负屏蔽层之间发生的现象一致。辉光使上部正极层放电> = 9.6 mA,强度足以使其成为风暴的重要充电机制。对于这种辉光,观察到的伽马射线通量接近相对论反馈过程变得重要的值,雪崩倍增因子为4,500。

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