The effect of within-stand variation in Swiss needle cast intensity on Douglas-fir stand dynamics

摘要

Swiss needle cast (SNC) is a foliar disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) caused by the ascomycete Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (Rohde) Petrak. The number of annual needle cohorts retained by a tree indicates SNC severity and associated growth losses. In previous studies growth losses have been predicted on the basis of plot-level foliage retention, and plot-level growth multipliers have been uniformly applied to all trees within a stand to simulate tree growth. In this analysis, the effects of within-stand variation in foliage retention on individual-tree growth impact and implied stand dynamics were analyzed. Models describing diameter increment of Douglas-fir were developed based on three different foliage retention ratings: (1) plot-level foliage retention; (2) tree-level foliage retention; and (3) a combination of plot-level foliage retention and the deviation of tree-level from plot-level foliage retention. Foliage retention at both the plot-level and tree-level was positively correlated with diameter increment, and a significant amount of additional variation in diameter growth was explained by the deviation of individual-tree foliage retention from the plot-level average. The SNC "effect" was assessed by comparing growth of trees with varying degrees of Swiss needle cast to growth of those that retained maximal amounts of foliage. Across all plots in the sampled population, the most severely affected dominant or co-dominant trees exhibited 30% diameter growth loss relative to trees of similar crown position with minimal SNC symptoms. Within a plot, diameter growth averaged about 12% higher on trees with the highest foliage retention relative to trees with the lowest foliage retention, implying that SNC intensifies stand differentiation. Rather than responding to SNC with proportionally uniform growth losses within a plot, these results suggest that individual trees tolerate or resist the disease differentially. Foliage retention should therefore be used as a criterion for selecting trees for removal during thinning operations in Douglas-fir stands with moderate to severe SNC. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.