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The Saddle-Point Method for Condensed Bose Gases

机译:冷凝玻色气体的鞍点法

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摘要

The application of the conventional saddle-point approximation to condensed Bose gases is thwarted by the approach of the saddle-point to the ground-state singularity of the grand canonical partiton function. We develop and test a variant of the saddle-point method which takes proper care of this complication, and provides accurate, flexible, and computationally efficient access to both canonical and microcanonical statistics, Remarkably, the error committed when naively employing the conventional approximation in the condensate regime turns out to be universal, that is , independent of the system's single-particle spectrum. The new scheme is able to cover all temperatures, including the critical temperature interval that marks the onset of Bose-Einstein condensation, and reveals in analytical detail how this onset leads to sharp features in gases with a fixed number of particles. In particular, within the canonical ensemble the crossover from the high-temperature asymptotics to the condensate regime occurs in an error-function-like manner; this error function reduces to a step function when the particle number becomes large. Our saddle-point formulas for occupation numbers and their fluctuations, verified by numerical calculations, clearly bring out the special role played by the ground state.
机译:通过将鞍点逼近大正则分割函数的基态奇点,阻碍了传统鞍点逼近在冷凝的玻色气体中的应用。我们开发并测试了鞍点方法的一种变体,该变体适当地照顾了这一复杂性,并提供了对规范统计和微规范统计的准确,灵活和计算有效的访问。凝结状态证明是通用的,也就是说,与系统的单粒子光谱无关。新方案能够涵盖所有温度,包括标志着玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚开始的临界温度区间,并在分析细节中揭示了这种开始如何导致具有固定数量颗粒的气体的鲜明特征。特别是,在规范集合中,从高温渐近线到冷凝态的转换是以类似误差函数的方式发生的;当粒子数变大时,此误差函数减小为阶跃函数。我们的占领点及其波动的鞍点公式经过数值计算验证,清楚地揭示了基态所起的特殊作用。

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