2D Versus 3D in Laparoscopic Surgery by Beginners and Experts: A Randomized Controlled Trial on a Pelvitrainer in Objectively Graded Surgical Steps

摘要

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Progress in endoscopic surgery in the past few decades has led to the application of 3-dimensional (3D) procedures in operating rooms. This permits patient- and surgeon-friendly operations and also maximizes the superiority of laparoscopy over laparotomy. In this study, we compare 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D endoscopy techniques with regard to time, efficiency, optics, and handling by users with different degrees of experience at 4 difficulty levels.