The Decline of the American Middle Class: Evidence from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys 1988-2015

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The Decline of the American Middle Class: Evidence from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys 1988-2015

机译：美国中产阶级的衰落：来自消费者支出调查的证据1988 - 2015年

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In 2010, the US Department of Commerce, commissioned by the White House Middle Class Task Force, recommended six indicators that define the middle class: having one's own home, a car or two in the carport, taking a family vacation every year, sending kids to college, and having some retirement savings. We used the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) data to estimate the size of American middle class in selected years from 1988 to 2015 using three empirical variations of this definition and to test if there were upward or downward trends during these years. We found that the size of the American middle class was definitely on the decline between 1988 and 2015 for all three definitions. Multivariate analyses show that variations in total household annual expenditure and sociodemographic variables could not explain the decline. In fact, adjusting for these controls made the decline of the middle class over time more severe.

机译：2010年，美国商务部由白宫中产阶级任务队委托，推荐六个指标定义中产阶级：拥有自己的家，汽车或两大车库，每年都在家庭度假，送孩子到大学，并有一些退休储蓄。我们利用了消费者支出调查（CE）数据来估计从1988年到2015年选定的年度的美国中产阶级的大小，使用这一定义的三个经验变化，并在这些年内有向上或向下趋势测试。我们发现，美国中产阶级的规模肯定是1988年至2015年间三个定义的下降。多变量分析表明，家庭总费用和社会渗透变量的变化无法解释下降。事实上，调整这些控制使中产阶级随着时间的推移而变得更严重。

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《Journal of family and economic issues》 |2020年第2期|共13页
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正文语种 eng
中图分类社会学;
关键词
Consumer behavior; Emergency savings; Health insurance; Homeownership; Middle class;

机译：消费者行为;紧急储蓄;健康保险;房地产;中产阶级;

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1. The Decline of the American Middle Class: Evidence from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys 1988-2015 [J] . Journal of family and economic issues . 2020,第2期

机译：美国中产阶级的衰落：来自消费者支出调查的证据1988 - 2015年
2. Did U.S. Consumers Respond to the 2014-2015 Oil Price Shock? Evidence from the Consumer Expenditure Survey [J] . Alexander Patrick, Poirier Louis The Energy Journal . 2020,第1期

机译：美国消费者对2014-2015年油价冲击做出了回应吗？
3. Prudent consumers: New evidence from the Consumer Expenditure Survey [J] . Seewon Kim Economic modelling . 2013,第jula期

机译：谨慎的消费者：消费者支出调查的新证据
4. Individual Travel, Lifestyles and Obesity: Examining Individual Energy Expenditure Based on the American Time Use Survey [C] . Jiawen Yang, Xingyou Zhang, Steven French Transportation Research Board Annual meeting . 2011

机译：个人旅行，生活方式和肥胖：根据美国时间使用调查检查个人能源支出
5. A Novel Decision - Making Model of the Globalizing Consumer Behavior: Evidence from Chinese Middle - Class Consumers Who Purchase Luxury Goods from Overseas Markets [D] . Liu, Yang 2019

机译：全球化消费者行为的新型决策模型-来自中国中产阶级消费者从海外市场购买奢侈品的证据。
6. The impact of health insurance on outpatient utilization and expenditure: evidence from one middle-income country using national household survey data [O] . Björn Ekman 2007

机译：健康保险对门诊病人使用和支出的影响：一个中等收入国家使用全国家庭调查数据得出的证据
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8. Consumer Expenditure Survey: Integrated Survey Data for Metropolitan Areas, 1972-73. Total Expenditures and Income Classified by Family Characteristics. Volume V - Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul [R] . 1979

机译：消费者支出调查：大都市区综合调查数据，1972-73。按家庭特征分类的总支出和收入。第五卷 - 芝加哥，辛辛那提，克利夫兰，底特律，密尔沃基，明尼阿波利斯 - 圣保罗。保罗

The Decline of the American Middle Class: Evidence from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys 1988-2015

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