A high-resolution Holocene record of the East Asian summer monsoon variability in sediments from Mountain Ganhai Lake, North China

摘要

A high-resolution environmental magnetic records from a sediment profile in Mountain Ganhai Lake, has provided new insights into modulation of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) on climatic changes in North China from the final period of last deglacial stage to Holocene. Large pseudo-single-domain (PSD) to multidomain (MD) detrital magnetite grains are identified in the lake samples. The upwards decreasing magnetic susceptibility (χ) and anhysteretic remanent magnetic susceptibility (χARM) are consistent with the dominant vegetation changes: grassland (~13.0–10.5?ka) under dry and cold conditions, shrub-forest-grassland (~10.5–5.8?ka) in a warm and humid climate, and forest where thePinustrees increase rapidly to be the dominant taxa, indicating the climate changes from warm and humid to cooler but drier between ~5.8?ka and ~4.0?ka. The lowerS-100mTandS-300mTratios coincide with the higher degree of soil stability and a stable lake stage at ~11.8–6.5?ka. Changes in magnetic anisotropy are also linked to environmental and climatic changes, withTparameters showing higher values during warm/interglacial periods. The anisotropy patterns indicate three different stages of the lake evolution: (1) an early stage of the lake, accompanied by a disturbed high-energy flow, a coarse average mineral particle diameter (MPD) distribution (>16.28?μm) and scattered subvertical minimum direction (K3) at ~13.0–11.8?ka; (2) a fairly stable lake environment between ~11.8?ka and 6.5?ka, indicated by a low-energy flow, finer MPD (~9.69?μm) and subverticalK3axes; (3) an unstable, high-energy flow and coarse MPD (~20.03?μm) with tiltedK3axes, thus indicating a transition from lake-center to lakeside (~6.5–4.0?ka). These multi-proxy records reveal a weak EASM activity in the final period of the last deglaciation (~13.0–11.8?ka), a high EASM intensity in the early-mid Holocene (~11.8–4.8?ka), an EASM maxima in the mid-Holocene (~8.0–5.8?ka), which then generally weakens at ~4.3