Cations controlled growth of β -MnO 2 crystals with tunable facets for electrochemical energy storage

摘要

Engineering crystal facets to enhance their functionalities often require complex processing routes to suppress the growth of surfaces with the lowest thermodynamic energies. Herein, we report a unique method to control the morphologies of β-MnO2crystals with different occupancy of {100}/{111} facets through the effect of K+cations. Combining aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), ultramicrotomy, and dynamic functional theory (DFT) simulation, we clarified that the β-MnO2crystals were formed through a direct solid-state phase transition process. Increasing the concentration of K+cations in the precursor gradually changed the morphology of β-MnO2from bipyramid prism ({100}+{111} facets) to an octahedron structure ({111} facets). The K+cations controlled the morphology of β-MnO2by affecting the formation of α-K0.5Mn4O8intermediate phase and the subsequent phase transition. Utilizing the β-MnO2crystals as the cathode for Li-ion batteries showed that highly exposed {111} facets offered β-MnO2crystal better rate performance, with ~70% capacity retention when the charge-discharge rate increased from 20?mA/g to 200?mA/g. Our work revealed a new mechanism to tune the morphology of this earth-abundant metal oxide crystal, which could be used to adjust its electrochemical performance for different applications, such as supercapacitors and catalysts for metal-air batteries and fuel cells.