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Effects of reward and punishment on brain activations associated with inhibitory control in cigarette smokers

机译:奖惩对吸烟者抑制性控制相关的大脑激活的影响

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摘要

Background and aims: Susceptibility to use of addictive substances may result, in part, from a greater preference for an immediate small reward relative to a larger delayed reward or relative insensitivity to punishment. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined the neural basis of inhibiting an immediately rewarding stimulus to obtain a larger delayed reward in smokers. We also investigated whether punishment could modulate inhibitory control. Design: The Monetary Incentive Go/NoGo (MI-Go/NoGo) task was administered that provided three types of reward outcomes contingent upon inhibitory control performance over rewarding stimuli: inhibition failure was either followed by no monetary reward (neutral condition), a small monetary reward with immediate feedback (reward condition) or immediate monetary punishment (punishment condition). In the reward and punishment conditions, successful inhibitory control resulted in larger delayed rewards. Setting: Community sample of smokers in the Melbourne (Australia) area. Participants: Nineteen smokers were compared with 17 demographically matched non-smoking controls. Measurements: Accuracy, reaction times and brain activation associated with the MI-Go/NoGo task. Findings: Smokers showed hyperactivation in the right insula (P<0.01), inferior and middle frontal gyrus (P<0.01), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P=0.001) and inferior parietal lobe (P<0.01) both during inhibition of an immediately rewarding stimulus to obtain a larger delayed reward, and during inhibition of neutral stimuli. Group differences in brain activity were not significant in the punishment condition in the right insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, most probably as a result of increased activation in non-smoking controls. Conclusions: Compared with non-smokers, smokers showed increased neural activation when resisting immediately rewarding stimuli and may be less sensitive to punishment as a strategy to increase control over rewarding stimuli.
机译:背景和目的:使用成瘾性物质的敏感性可能部分是由于相对于较大的延迟奖励或相对不敏感的惩罚,人们更倾向于立即获得小额奖励。这项功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)研究检查了抑制立即奖励刺激以在吸烟者中获得更大延迟奖励的神经基础。我们还调查了惩罚是否可以调节抑制性控制。设计:执行了货币激励性Go / NoGo(MI-Go / NoGo)任务,该任务提供了三种类型的奖励结果,具体取决于对奖励刺激的抑制性控制表现:抑制失败或之后没有金钱奖励(中立条件),即小带有立即反馈(奖励条件)或立即金钱惩罚(惩罚条件)的金钱奖励。在奖励和惩罚条件下,成功的抑制控制导致更大的延迟奖励。地点:墨尔本(澳大利亚)地区吸烟者的社区样本。参与者:将19位吸烟者与17位人口统计学匹配的非吸烟对照者进行了比较。测量:与MI-Go / NoGo任务相关的准确性,反应时间和大脑激活。研究结果:吸烟者在抑制立即奖励的过程中显示出右岛(P <0.01),额中下额叶回(P <0.01),背外侧前额叶皮层(P = 0.001)和顶叶下叶(P <0.01)过度活化。刺激获得更大的延迟奖励,并在抑制中性刺激期间获得。在右岛和背外侧前额叶皮层的惩罚条件下,大脑活动的群体差异并不显着,这很可能是由于非吸烟对照组的激活增加所致。结论:与不吸烟者相比,吸烟者在抵抗立即奖励刺激时表现出更高的神经激活作用,对惩罚的敏感度可能会降低,因为这是增加奖励奖励控制的一种策略。

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