Ethical and Regulatory Concerns About Direct-to-Consumer Brain Stimulation for Athletic Enhancement

摘要

We offer critical analyses and ethical concerns relating to direct-to-consumer (DTC) athletic enhancement in response to "Dimensions of Ethical Direct-to-Consumer Neurotechnologies" by Karola Kreitmair (2019). Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) for physical enhancement is acquiring growing attention from professional athletes, the military, and the general public. Kreitmair rightly sees the need for an ethical framework to encompass a growing class of DTC neurotechnology products. This class of products deserves a level of strict scrutiny because these products are directed at altering the activity of the central nervous system.