Sustainable mountain development in Indian Himalayan region is under the shadow of regional instability

摘要

Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is characterized by a complex socio-ecological system, rich cultural and biological diversity 1 . Himalaya forms a continuous chain of mountains from the West to East. However, the diversity in topography, latitudinal variations and rainfall factors in different parts of the Himalaya is incredible 2 . The Himalayan mountains, located in Northern India play a significant role in deriving ecological benefits for mountains and adjacent plains of the country 1 . Snow covered mountains, high altitude lakes and perennial rivers originating from the region are vital sources of drinking water, irrigation and hydroelectric power for nearly 1.5 billion people of eight countries located in IHR 3 . Approximately 207,937 sq. km of forest cover spreading in IHR is pivotal to the ecosystem. The value of Himalayan forests in terms of carbon sequestration has been estimated to be around Rs 943 billion/year 4 . IHR is also bestowed with a variety of medicinal plants 5 . There are nearly 99 wildlife sanctuaries, 28 national parks, 5 biosphere reserves, 4 tiger reserves, 11 elephant reserves and 2 world heritage sites 6 . Owing to the scenic topography, natural resources and sacred mountains (Figure 1), IHR is a leading destination for tourism, pilgrimage, generation of hydroelectric power, medicinal plants and establishment of natural resources-based enterprises.