Immune and Inflammatory Processes in Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Related Cardiometabolic Complications

摘要

The high prevalence of obesity and diabetes in developed and developing nations poses a great health challenge [1, 2]. Obesity is one of the major causes of insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes [3]. Type-1 diabetes is primarily due to the autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta-cell leading to insulin deficiency [4, 5]. This is generally accompanied by alterations in lipid metabolism, enhanced hyperglycemia-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress, endothelial cell dysfunction, and apoptosis. Similarly, type-2 diabetes is characterized by elevated inflammation, glucotox-icity, lipotoxicity, and apoptosis that leads to the progressive loss of beta cells and ultimately to insulin insufficiency at later stages of the disease [4, 5].