Soil is highly heterogeneous and complex microhabi-tat, which is reflected in the spatial distribution and enormous diversity of microorganisms and their metabolic versatility. The importance of soil microorganisms for sustenance of all other forms oflife needs no emphasis. In fact it is the presence of microorganisms that modifies the habitat and makes it possible for other life forms to survive and function. Soil organisms contribute to the critical soil functions, by acting as the primary drivingagents of nutrient cycling, regulating the dynamics of soil organic matter, soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission; modifying soil physical structure and water regimes, enhancing the amount and efficiency of nutrient acquisition by vegetation, and enhancing plant health. A greater understanding of soil microbial ecology is essential for making informed decisions on sustainable land management interventions. In this article an appraisal of the significant achievements made in the field inIndia during the last century has been made to show how important discoveries and their applications have resulted into major strides in sustainable agricultural practices. Based on these and keeping local and global priorities a research agenda for thenext 25 years has been brought out.
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