Infrasound emitted by tornado-like vortices: Basic theory and a numerical comparison to the acoustic radiation of a single-cell thunderstorm

摘要

This paper addresses the physics and numerical simulation of the adiabatic generation of infrasound by tornadoes. Classical analytical results regarding the production of infrasound by vortex Rossby waves and by corotating "suction vortices" are reviewed. Conditions are derived for which critical layers damp vortex Rossby waves that would otherwise grow and continually produce acoustic radiation. These conditions are similar to those that theoretically suppress gravity wave radiation from larger mesoscale cyclones, such as hurricanes. To gain perspective, the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is used to simulate the infrasound that radiates from a single-cell thunderstorm in a shear-free environment. In this simulation, the dominant infrasound in the 0.1-10-Hz frequency band appears to radiate from the vicinity of the melting level, where diabatic processes involving hail are active. It is shown that the 3D Rossby waves of a tornado-like vortex (simulated with RAMS) can generate stronger infrasound if the maximum wind speed of the vortex exceeds a modest threshold. Technical issues regarding the numerical simulation of tornado infrasound are also addressed. Most importantly, it is shown that simulating tornado infrasound likely requires a spatial resolution that is an order of magnitude finer than the current practical limit (10-m grid spacing) for modeling thunderstorms.