Middle Stone Age pikes esquillees from Sibudu Cave, South Africa: an initial micro-residue study

摘要

In this paper I present the results of a micro-residue study conducted on ten pieces esquillees (scaled pieces) from Sibudu Cave, South Africa. These artefacts are associated with the Howiesons Poort Industry ( - 61.7 and -64.7 ka years ago at Sibudu), representing part of the later phase of the Middle Stone Age. Until now, it was unclear on what these pieces were used, and whether they were func-tional. Previous experimental use-wear work tentatively pointed towards bone processing. However, replication work on stone tool production technology suggests that pikes esquillees are merely the by/ end-product of bipolar knapping. I used residue analysis on the Sibudu artefacts because this alter-native method has the potential to identify if they were used, and if so, illuminate the specific materials the pieces were used on. Although the sample is small, all the pieces esquillees reveal a clear animal processing signal. There are some bone deposits on the utilised edges that may substantiate bone processing, or perhaps a bone hammer was used with them, but additional study, including Later Stone Age artefacts, is needed to assess the feasibility of these observations. It remains possible that the artefacts are core reduced pieces that were subsequently used as tools or simply knapped with a bone hammer.