1st Frontiers of Retrovirology Conference, Montpellier, France, 21-23 September 2009. The call for submissions at the first Frontiers of Retrovirology Conference was inclusive; all fields of retrovirology research were welcome and, as of such, participants presented on a wide range of topics; from endo-retroviruses through to HIV vaccines. With this broad palette, an enjoyable, concise exchange of thoughts and perspectives between different, though connected, fields of research was achieved. In this article, the range of topics addressed at this first meeting are discussed and we consider some of the major issues presented. A major theme was cellular factors that are responsible for regulating and restricting viral replication, particularly with regard to HIV-1. Harmit Malik (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, WA, USA) presented work on the rapid evolution rate of genes encoding restriction factors, such as TRIM5a and APOBEC, and addressed the potential importance of variability of these genes in the population.
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