Chapter 4. Lifestyle modifications.

摘要

POINT 4 1.Salt restriction: The target of salt restriction is <6gday~(-1), but an even lower salt intake is better. Salt intake can be safely restricted to 3.8gday~(-1). At general medical facilities, it is practical to evaluate salt intake using spot urine samples (with correction for creatinine). As salt content in many processed foods is indicated in terms of the sodium (Na) content, Na content should be converted to salt content by the equation (Na content [g]x2.5=salt content [g]) for salt restriction guidance.2.Nutrients other than salt. The intake of fruit and vegetables should be increased, and that of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids should be reduced. Fish (fish oil) intake should also be increased.3.Maintaining an appropriate body weight. The target body mass index (BMI: body weight [kg]/{height [m]}~2) is <25kgm~(-2), but a significant decrease in blood pressure can be achieved by reducing body weight by 4-5 kg. Waist circumference should also be maintained at an appropriate level.4.Exercise: Exercise, primarily periodic (30 min or longer daily if possible) aerobic exercise, at a moderate intensity, should be practiced. This applies to hypertensive patients with no cardiovascular disorders. In high-risk patients, medical checks must be performed in advance and the necessary measures taken.5.Restriction of alcohol intake: Alcohol intake should be restricted to <=20-30 ml ethanolday~(-1) in men and <= 10-20 ml ethanol day~(-1) in women.6.Quitting smoking. Smoking (including passive smoking) should be avoided as it is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has been suggested to affect blood pressure levels.7.Others: Exposure to cold should be avoided. Emotional stress should be managed.8.In combination lifestyle modifications are more effective in reducing blood pressure levels and preventing hypertension.