Hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase levels and hepatitis B virus DNA > 2000 IU/mL.

摘要

Discoveries in biological and medical sciences have been the basis for advances in medical practice for centuries. A great historic example of application of clinical observations to practice and scientific knowledge is the discovery of the importance of hand washing with chlorinated lime solutions in obstetrical clinics to prevent childbed fever by Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865) and the "translation" of this knowledge to experimental explanation through the "germ theory of disease" by Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). Discoveries of basic research provide understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease, development of novel therapeutic agents, and strategies for disease prevention. If basic research is the fuel for medical sciences, translational research is the engine that moves medical knowledge to practice. However, none of this could happen without the skilled driver, the physician-scientist. During the evolution of medicine from the traditional empirical and practice-based approach to evidence-based science, the pioneering role of physician-scientists has never been as important as now, in the era of discoveries promised through advanced translational research.