Critical care or intensive care units (ICUs) began to emerge in major academic medical centres in the years following World War II (E. P. Didier, personal communication (see Acknowledgements below); Didier, 1970). At the same time, there was a parallel emergence of what might be described as high-tech surgery which included most notably the development of open heart surgery which is now routine. All of this required translation of basic physiological techniques including invasive monitoring of pressures throughout the cardiovascular system, measurement of arterial blood gases, and mechanical ventilation, along with administration of drugs in attempts to maintain some semblance of physiological homeostasis in the patients.
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机译：在第二次世界大战之后的几年中，重症监护病房或重症监护病房（ICU）开始出现在主要的学术医疗中心（E. P. Didier，个人通讯（请参见下面的致谢）; Didier，1970年）。同时，出现了所谓的高科技手术，其中最引人注目的是现在已成为常规的心脏直视手术的发展。所有这些都需要翻译基本的生理技术，包括侵入性监测整个心血管系统的压力，测量动脉血气和机械通气，以及服用药物以维持患者体内生理稳态的相似性。
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