Development of an Analytical Method for Strong Mutagens/Carcinogens, 3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene and Dinitropyrene Isomers, in the Environment and Their Particle-Size Distribution in Airborne Particles

摘要

3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene (DNF) and 1,3-, 1,6-, and 1,8-dinitropyrene (DNP) isomers are classified as "possible human carcinogens (Group 2B)" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In the present study, we developed an analytical method for DNF and DNP isomers, which is composed of efficient purification of nitroarenes from impurities and separation of nitroarenes from each other using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and two-dimensional HPLC analysis. These nitroarenes are reduced to corresponding aminoarenes online and sensitively quantified by their fluorescence. We adopted this analytical method for surface soil and airborne particle samples. In the chromatograms of HPLC analysis, DNF and DNP isomers were sufficiently separated from each other and no interfering peaks were observed around DNF and DNP isomers. DNF and 1,3-, 1,6-, and 1,8-DNP isomers were detected in the ranges of 47-579, 27-165, 30-238, and 34-228 pg g(-1) of soil, respectively, from all analyzed samples (n = 6). The contribution ratios of DNF to the mutagenicity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 without a metabolic system (S9) were high in the range of 11.6-36.6 %. When classified airborne particles, namely, < 1.1, 1.1-2.0, 2.0-3.3, 3.3-7.0, and > 7.0 mu m in size, were analyzed, amounts of DNF were 64, 14, 13, 6, and 5 fg m(-3), respectively, and DNF tended to be detected in smaller airborne particles. This is the first report on an analytical method for DNF in the environment and the particle-size distribution of DNF in airborne particles.