Small molecule tools for functional interrogation of protein tyrosine phosphatases

摘要

The importance of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in the regulation of cellular signalling is well established. Malfunction of PTP activity is also known to be associated with cancer, metabolic syndromes and autoimmune disorders, as well as neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. However, a detailed understanding of the roles played by the PTPs in normal physiology and in pathogenic conditions has been hampered by the absence of PTP-spccific small molecule agents. In addition, the therapeuticbenefits of modulating this target class arc undcrcxplorcd as a result of a lack of suitable chemical probes. Potent and specific PTP inhibitors could significantly facilitate functional analysis of the PTPs in complex cellular signal transduction pathways and may constitute valuable therapeutics in the treatment of several human diseases. We highlight the current challenges to and opportunities for developing PTP-spccific small molecule agents. We also review available selective small molecule inhibitors developed for a number of PTPs, including PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase, haematopoietic protein tyrosine phosphatase, CD45, PTP beta, PTP7, PTPRO, Vaccinia HI-related phosphatase, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatasc-3, Cdc25, YopH, mPTPA and mPTPB.