Solid state ionics (the transport of ions in solids) is not only a major focus of the High Temperature Materials (HTM) Division but also plays a role in most other ECS Divisions. For instance, the flux of oxygen ions through ceramic Ion Transport Membranes (ITMs) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) under open circuit conditions is governed by the Wagner equation: where J_(o2) is the O2 flux, P_(o2) is the O_2 partial pressure, R and F are the gas and Faraday's constants, T is temperature, L the thickness of the membrane or film, and sigma_e and sigma_v are the conductivities of electrons and oxygen vacancies, respectively.
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