Recent observations have revealed a stunning diversity of extremely luminous supernovae, seemingly increasing in radiant energy without bound. We consider simple approximate limits for what existing models can provide for the peak luminosity and total radiated energy for non-relativistic, isotropic stellar explosions. The brightest possible supernova is a Type I explosion powered by a sub-millisecond magnetar with field strength B similar to few x 10(13) G. In extreme cases, such models might reach a peak luminosity of 2 x 10(46) erg s(-1) and radiate a total energy of up to 4 x 10(52) erg. Other less luminous models are also explored, including prompt hyper-energetic explosions in red supergiants, pulsational-pair instability supernovae, pair-instability supernovae, and colliding shells. Approximate analytic expressions and limits are given for each case. Excluding magnetars, the peak luminosity is near 3 x 10(44) erg s(-1) for the brightest models and the corresponding limit on total radiated energy is 3 x 10(51) erg. Barring new physics, supernovae with a light output over 3 x 10(51) erg must be rotationally powered, either during the explosion itself or after, the most obvious candidate being a rapidly rotating magnetar. A magnetar-based model for the recent transient event, ASASSN-15lh is presented that strains, but does not exceed the limits of what the model can provide.
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机译:最近的观察表明,极发光的超新星具有惊人的多样性,似乎辐射能无限增加。对于现有模型可以为非相对论性,各向同性的恒星爆炸提供峰值光度和总辐射能,我们考虑简单的近似极限。可能最明亮的超新星是由亚毫秒磁石提供动力的I型爆炸,场强B接近几x 10(13)G。在极端情况下,此类模型的峰值光度可能达到2 x 10(46)erg s (-1)并辐射总能量达4 x 10(52)erg。还探索了其他发光程度较低的模型,包括红色超巨星中的快速高能爆炸,脉动对不稳定性超新星,对不稳定性超新星和碰撞壳。针对每种情况给出了近似的分析表达式和极限值。对于最明亮的模型,不包括磁星,其峰值发光度接近3 x 10(44)erg s(-1),相应的总辐射能量极限为3 x 10(51)erg。除新物理学外,在爆炸本身期间或之后,必须输出光输出超过3 x 10(51)erg的超新星,最明显的候选者是快速旋转的磁星。提出了一种基于磁星的近期瞬变事件模型ASASSN-15lh,该模型应变但不超出该模型可提供的范围。
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