Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for phantom pain and stump pain following amputation in adults: an extended analysis of excluded studies from a Cochrane systematic review

摘要

Background: Amputee pain may present in a body part that has been amputated (phantom pain) and/or at the site of amputation (stump pain). Mainstay treatments are pharmacological although the need for non-pharmacological management strategies has been recognized. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is recommended as a treatment option. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to inform TENS technique and dosages by undertaking an extended descriptive analysis of findings from case reports, non-randomized studies, and uncontrolled studies excluded from our previous Cochrane Review.