Two years ago, at our last NATO Summit in Chicago, NATO leaders endorsed the Review of NATO's Deterrence and Defence Posture (D&DP). This was the result of one-and-a-half years of thorough discussion - among Allies and with outside experts. We looked at how conventional, nuclear and missile defence forces interact. We looked at the role of arms control and disarmament. And we concluded that existing arms control and disarmament agreements "have not yet fully achieved their objectives, and the world continues to face proliferation crises, force concentration problems, and lack of transparency." The D&DP Review anticipated some of our current security dilemmas in relation to the Ukraine crisis remarkably well. We have seen the collapse of the Budapest Memorandum, Russian snap exercises of surprising size and speed, the appearance of soldiers without markings, and the kidnapping of OSCE observers who were supposed to guarantee at least a degree of transparency.
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