"Knowledge of students" is a core domain of professional knowledge. According to the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (NCTM 1991), both initial and continuing professional education should offer teachers opportunities to develop understandings about these topics: 1. Research on how students learn mathematics 2. The effects of students' age, abilities, interests, and experience on learning mathematics 3. The influence of students' linguistic, ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic backgrounds and gender on learning mathematics 4. Ways to affirm and support full participation and continued study of mathematics by all students.
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