A report released in 2008 by researchers at Tufts University (Massachusetts, USA) estimated that doing nothing to address climate change will cost the United States economy more than 3.6% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), or US $3.8 trillion annually (in today's dollars), by 2100. Wanning would average 13℉ in most of the United States, and 18°F in Alaska. The report's second, bottom-up analysis attributed one-half of that cost (1.8% of GDP, or $1.9 trillion) to just four categories: hurricanes, real estate, energy, and water. Annual costs included $422 billion from hurricane damage, $360 billion in real estate losses, $141 billion in higher energy costs, and $950 billion in higher water costs.
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