STUDY OF BIOTIC EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS BASED ON THE MULTI-AGENT PARRONDO’S GAMES

摘要

The paper tries to explain the biological evolutionary mechanism based on Parrondo’sngames. The multi-agent Parrondo’s games proposed include game A and game B.nGame A, a zero-sum game, reflects the interactive relationship of competition or cooperationnbetween individuals. A two-dimensional lattice network is used to representsnthe spatial carrier of interactive relationship. Game B, a negative-sum game, reflectsnthe environmental effect on survival evolution of individuals. Three patterns which arenbased on individual survival states, on historical experience and on neighbors’ environmentnare adopted to represent the mechanisms. The simulation results show that:n(1) A zero-sum game (game A) and a losing game (game B) combined could producena winning result. Improvement of the average fitness of the population represents thenessence that Parrondo’s paradox is counterintuitive. The special structure of game Bnreflects the ratcheting effect that natural environment has on biological evolution wherenboth competition and cooperation are successful evolution directions. (2) The ratchetingneffect of the environment-based pattern is the strongest. In the course of biologicalnevolution, neighbors’ environment usually uses an efficient mechanism to guide the evolution.nJust because of the neighbors’ environment-based guidance, a coevolution modelnis formed where individuals compose the population which composes the communitynand the community composes the ecosystem which composes the biosphere. (3) Competitionncan raise the average fitness of the population. Therefore, competition may benan adaptive behavior on the population level. (4) Research to-date has shown that thennecessary condition of producing cooperation is that the cost is less than profit. Whilenthe results in this paper show that a zero-sum game can also give rise to cooperation,nwhich can bring about positive gain for the whole population