Bladder Cancer Therapy Related Histopathologic Changes

摘要

Various forms of modern therapy of urinary bladder cancer are associated with characteristic changes. Surgicaltherapy related morphology alterations usually do not present significant differential diagnostic problems. Postoperativespindle cell nodule may resemble a spindle cell sarcoma, but the fact that it arises within 120 days following surgerymakes the diagnostic interpretation less cumbersome. Changes induced by BCG include epithelial denudation of thebladder, small superficial granulomas and chronic inflammation. Other forms of immunotherapy are associated withformation of lymphatic follicles or diffuse lymphocytic infiltrates. Radiation induced changes may appear many yearsafter therapy and include atypia, bizarre appearance and multinucleation of urothelial cells. In the late phase, stroma isparticularly affected. It is important not to misdiagnose radiation induced changes for CIS or invasive nested carcinoma.Chemotherapy-induced atypia may be recognized cytologically and histologically by the characteristic changes of thenuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, multiple nuclei, nuclear vacuolization, and architectural disturbances in the bladder epithelium.Photodynamic therapy induces sharply demarcated necrosis in the short post-therapy course. Laser treatment destroys thetumor, and may induce atypia in adjacent endothelial cells. Gene therapy-related changes have not been well defined yet.