Endophytic Fungi: A Review on Pharmacological Activities and Its Industrial Applicationby Sugashini Settu, Sathiavelu Arunachalam, India

摘要

Neurodegenerative disorder mainly includes Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s and Dementia. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the progressive loss of cholinergic neurons leading to dementia, extracellular amyloid deposits, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, cholinergic deficits, synaptic loss, inflammation and extensive oxidative stress. The changes are accompanied by significant behavioural, motor and cognitive impairment leading to accelerated mortality. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a preferential loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Major factors responsible for this disease include: - 1) Environmental toxins including MPTP, paraquat and rotenone which increase the risk of PD in humans. 2) Mitochondrial complex I inhibition - derangements in complex I cause α-synuclein aggregation, which contributes to the demise of dopamine neurons, Dysfunction of parkin and DJ-1 could also contribute to these deficits. 3) Aging (with inter-related factors). The elucidation of the protein building blocks of these organelles as well advances in understanding how these proteins become altered in AD and PD will provide insights into the molecular basis of this disorder. This review aims to highlight the involvement of various signalling pathway in AD and PD.