Background: All de-addiction treatments aim at abstinence in a narrow sense and 'recovery' in a broader sense.Aim: Understanding 'recovery' in opioid dependence(OD).Objective: To develop a conceptual framework for 'recovery' in OD through a qualitative approach.Methodology: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and qualitative (grounded theory) study. Consenting males with OD, with illicit or prescription opioids were recruited through 'purposive' and 'theoretical' sampling. Initially four focus group discussions (FGD) conducted among different stakeholders namely drug users, caregivers and treatment providers were transcribed and open-coding was done for the development of a semi-structured interview guide which helped to conduct in-depth interviews with four 'recovered' patients (opioid abstinent for at least one year), three opioid dependent patients (Illicit/pharmaceutical opioids within last one year), three care-givers and three mental health professionals of different background. Upon further axial and selective coding through constant comparative methods and memoing, a 'theoretical saturation' was achieved and a conceptual framework emerged. Results: The conceptual framework consisted of 'initiating recovery' with the help of family support and intrinsic and motivational factors thereby navigating through the 'barriers' for 'changes in recovery' through diverse 'means of attaining recovery' leading to the reversible process of 'recovery in general' characterised by 'complete abstinence' with an 'inner experience' amidst a cultural understanding of 'punarjanam' or 'rebirth'.Discussion and Conclusion: Social Constructivist approach yielded a middle-range grounded theory model of 'recovery' in OD in India named as the 'Chakra Model' which needs to be established through quantitative verification. Conflict of Interest: NILEthical Permission: Institute Ethics Committee
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