A Practical Evaluation of Rate Adaptation Algorithms in HTTP-based Adaptive Streaming

摘要

The HTTP-based Adaptive Streaming (HAS) techniques are widely used in Internet video streaming services, including YouTube and Netflix. The Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is the latest international standard that facilitates the interoperability of different HAS techniques of various vendors. DASH specification defines the media presentation description (MPD), which describes a list of available content, URL addresses, and the segment format. The rate adaptation algorithms, however, are not part of the standard, and the details of the algorithms are left to vendors. As a result, there are many different algorithms adopted in both commercial and open source players while the detailed algorithms and their performance are barely understood. In this paper, we investigate the detailed operations of the different players by code level analysis and through reverse engineering. Specifically, we present the pseudo codes of 3 open source players and devise a method to obtain the detailed operation information, e.g., bitrate and buffer amount, of popular streaming players whose source codes are not publicly available. We conduct extensive experiments on our testbed and provide suggestions based on the behaviors of these players, including the repeated over-estimation of the available bandwidth, unfair bitrate selection when multiple players compete for the bandwidth, and insensitivity of Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC) protocol to the varying network bandwidth. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.