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  • 刊频： Eighteen no. a year, 2019-
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共210条结果
  • 1.

    【2hr】Clinical and laboratory evidence for Neisseria meningitidis biofilms

    包量

    机译 脑膜炎奈瑟菌生物膜的临床和实验室证据
    摘要：Neisseria meningitidis is the etiologic agent of meningococcal meningitis. Carriage of the organism is approximately 10% while active disease occurs at a rate of 1:100,000. Recent publications demonstrate that N. meningitidis has the ability to form biofilms on glass, plastic or cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. Microcolony-like structures are also observed in histological sections from patients with active meningococcal disease. This review investigates the possible role of meningococcal biofilms in carriage and active disease, based on the laboratory and clinical aspects of the disease.
  • 2.

    【2hr】CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins and the pathogenesis of retrovirus infection

    包量

    机译 CCAAT /增强子结合蛋白与逆转录病毒感染的发病机理
    摘要：Previous studies indicate that two upstream CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) sites and C/EBPβ are required for subtype B HIV-1 gene expression in cells of the monocyte–macrophage lineage. The mechanisms of C/EBP regulation of HIV-1 transcription and replication remain unclear. This review focuses on studies concerning the role of C/EBP factors in HIV-1, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, and SIV transcription in various cell types and tissues cultured in vitro, animal models and during human infection. The structure and function of the C/EBPβ gene and the related protein isoforms are discussed along with the transcription factors, coactivators, viral proteins, cytokines and chemokines that affect C/EBP function.
  • 3.

    【2hr】Understanding the regulation of Group B Streptococcal virulence factors

    包量

    机译 了解B组链球菌毒力因子的调控
    摘要：Bacterial infections remain a significant threat to the health of newborns and adults. Group B Streptococci (GBS) are Gram-positive bacteria that are common asymptomatic colonizers of healthy adults. However, this opportunistic organism can also subvert suboptimal host defenses to cause severe invasive disease and tissue damage. The increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant GBS raises more concerns for sustained measures in treatment of the disease. A number of factors that are important for virulence of GBS have been identified. This review summarizes the functions of some well-characterized virulence factors, with an emphasis on how GBS regulates their expression. Regulatory and signaling molecules are attractive drug targets in the treatment of bacterial infections. Consequently, understanding signaling responses of GBS is essential for elucidation of pathogenesis of GBS infection and for the identification of novel therapeutic agents.
  • 4.

    【2hr】The role of furin in papillomavirus infection

    包量

    机译 弗林蛋白酶在乳头瘤病毒感染中的作用
    摘要：Papillomaviruses represent a medically important virus family. Infection with a high-risk human papillomavirus type is a prerequisite for cervical carcinoma development. Infection by low-risk types may result in the generation of benign skin warts. It was recently found that infectious entry of these viruses is dependent upon a specific proteolytic event that occurs prior to viral endocytosis. Specifically, a proprotein convertase, furin or proprotein convertase 5/6, must cleave the minor capsid protein for infection to proceed. Here, an overview of what is currently known about this process is presented, and what we have learned about the papillomavirus lifecycle from these studies discussed. This work also has implications for further advances in papillomavirus vaccine development.
  • 5.

    【2hr】Motility and chemotaxis in alkaliphilic Bacillus species

    包量

    机译 嗜碱芽孢杆菌种的运动性和趋化性
    摘要：Alkaliphilic Bacillus species grow at pH values up to approximately 11. Motile alkaliphilic Bacillus use electrochemical gradients of Na+ (sodium-motive force) to power ion-coupled, flagella-mediated motility as opposed to the electrochemical gradients of H+ (proton-motive force) used by most neutralophilic bacteria. Membrane-embedded stators of bacterial flagella contain ion channels through which either H+ or Na+ flow to energize flagellar rotation. Stators of the major H+-coupled type, MotAB, are distinguishable from Na+-coupled stators, PomAB of marine bacteria and MotPS of alkaliphilic Bacillus. Dual ion-coupling capacity is found in neutralophilic Bacillus strains with both MotAB and MotPS. There is also a MotAB variant that uses both coupling ions, switching as a function of pH. Chemotaxis of alkaliphilic Bacillus depends upon flagellar motility but also requires a distinct voltage-gated NaChBac-type channel. The two alkaliphile Na+ channels provide new vistas on the diverse adaptations of sensory responses in bacteria.
  • 6.

    【2hr】The vitamin D–antimicrobial peptide pathway and its role in protection against infection

    包量

    机译 维生素D-抗菌肽途径及其在预防感染中的作用
    摘要：Vitamin D deficiency has been correlated with increased rates of infection. Since the early 19th century, both environmental (i.e., sunlight) and dietary sources (cod liver) of vitamin D have been identified as treatments for TB. The recent discovery that vitamin D induces antimicrobial peptide gene expression explains, in part, the ‘antibiotic’ effect of vitamin D and has greatly renewed interest in the ability of vitamin D to improve immune function. Subsequent work indicates that this regulation is biologically important for the response of the innate immune system to wounds and infection and that deficiency may lead to suboptimal responses toward bacterial and viral infections. The regulation of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene is a human/primate-specific adaptation and is not conserved in other mammals. The capacity of the vitamin D receptor to act as a high-affinity receptor for vitamin D and a low-affinity receptor for secondary bile acids and potentially other novel nutritional compounds suggests that the evolutionary selection to place the cathelicidin gene under control of the vitamin D receptor allows for its regulation under both endocrine and xenobiotic response systems. Future studies in both humans and humanized mouse models will elucidate the importance of this regulation and lead to the development of potential therapeutic applications.
  • 7.

    【2hr】Riboswitches: From ancient gene control systems to modern drug targets

    包量

    机译 核糖开关：从古老的基因控制系统到现代药物靶标
    摘要：
  • 8.

    【2hr】A structural and functional perspective of alphavirus replication and assembly

    包量

    机译 甲病毒复制和组装的结构和功能观点
    摘要：Alphaviruses are small, spherical, enveloped, positive-sense ssRNA viruses responsible for a considerable number of human and animal diseases. Alphavirus members include Chikungunya virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, the western, eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, and the Ross River virus. Alphaviruses can cause arthritic diseases and encephalitis in humans and animals and continue to be a worldwide threat. The viruses are transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, and replicate in both arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Alphaviruses form spherical particles (65–70 nm in diameter) with icosahedral symmetry and a triangulation number of four. The icosahedral structures of alphaviruses have been defined to very high resolutions by cryo-electron microscopy and crystallographic studies. In this review, we summarize the major events in alphavirus infection: entry, replication, assembly and budding. We focus on data acquired from structural and functional studies of the alphaviruses. These structural and functional data provide a broader perspective of the virus lifecycle and structure, and allow additional insight into these important viruses.
  • 9.

    【2hr】The Molecular and Physiologic Basis of Quinoline Drug Resistance in P. falciparum Malaria

    包量

    机译 恶性疟原虫疟疾喹啉耐药的分子和生理基础
    • 作者：Paul D. Roepe
    • 刊名：Future Microbiology
    • 2009年第4期
    摘要：
  • 10.

    【2hr】Host-cell interactions with pathogenic Rickettsia species

    包量

    机译 宿主细胞与致病立克次体物种的相互作用
    摘要：Pathogenic Rickettsia species are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria responsible for the spotted fever and typhus groups of diseases around the world. It is now well established that a majority of sequelae associated with human rickettsioses are the outcome of the pathogen's affinity for endothelium lining the blood vessels, the consequences of which are vascular inflammation, insult to vascular integrity and compromised vascular permeability, collectively termed ‘Rickettsial vasculitis’. Signaling mechanisms leading to transcriptional activation of target cells in response to Rickettsial adhesion and/or invasion, differential activation of host-cell signaling due to infection with spotted fever versus typhus subgroups of Rickettsiae, and their contributions to the host's immune responses and determination of cell fate are the major subtopics of this review. Also included is a succinct analysis of established in vivo models and their use for understanding Rickettsial interactions with host cells and pathogenesis of vasculotropic rickettsioses. Continued progress in these important but relatively under-explored areas of bacterial pathogenesis research should further highlight unique aspects of Rickettsial interactions with host cells, elucidate the biological basis of endothelial tropism and reveal novel chemotherapeutic and vaccination strategies for debilitating Rickettsial diseases.
  • 11.

    【2hr】Regulation of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation

    包量

    机译 鲍曼不动杆菌生物膜形成的调控
    摘要：Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative opportunistic nosocomial pathogen. This microorganism survives in hospital environments despite unfavorable conditions such as desiccation, nutrient starvation and antimicrobial treatments. It is hypothesized that its ability to persist in these environments, as well as its virulence, is a result of its capacity to form biofilms. A. baumannii forms biofilms on abiotic surfaces such as polystyrene and glass as well as biotic surfaces such as epithelial cells and fungal filaments. Pili assembly and production of the Bap surface-adhesion protein play a role in biofilm initiation and maturation after initial attachment to abiotic surfaces. Furthermore, the adhesion and biofilm phenotypes of some clinical isolates seem to be related to the presence of broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance. The regulation of the formation and development of these biofilms is as diverse as the surfaces on which this bacterium persists and as the cellular components that participate in this programmed multistep process. The regulatory processes associated with biofilm formation include sensing of bacterial cell density, the presence of different nutrients and the concentration of free cations available to bacterial cells. Some of these extracellular signals may be sensed by two-component regulatory systems such as BfmRS. This transcriptional regulatory system activates the expression of the usher-chaperone assembly system responsible for the production of pili, needed for cell attachment and biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces. However, such a system is not required for biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces when cells are cultured in chemically defined media. Interestingly, the BfmRS system also controls cell morphology under particular culture conditions.
  • 12.

    【2hr】The host response and molecular pathogenesis associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection

    包量

    机译 与呼吸道合胞病毒感染相关的宿主反应和分子发病机制
    摘要：Since the isolation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 1956, its significance as an important human pathogen in infants, the elderly and the immunocompromised has been established. Many important mechanisms contributing to RSV infection, replication and disease pathogenesis have been uncovered; however, there is still insufficient knowledge in these and related areas, which must be addressed to facilitate the development of safe and effective vaccines and therapeutic treatments. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of RSV infection, particularly the host-cell response and transcription profiles to RSV infection, is required to advance disease intervention strategies. Substantial information is accumulating regarding how RSV proteins modulate molecular signaling and regulation of cytokine and chemokine responses to infection, molecular signals regulating programmed cell death, and innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. This review discusses RSV manipulation of the host response to infection and related disease pathogenesis.
  • 13.

    【2hr】Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter: emergence, transmission and persistence

    包量

    机译 弯曲杆菌的抗生素抗性：出现，传播和持续存在
    摘要：Campylobacter is a leading foodborne bacterial pathogen, which causes gastroenteritis in humans. This pathogenic organism is increasingly resistant to antibiotics, especially fluoroquinolones and macrolides, which are the most frequently used antimicrobials for the treatment of campylobacteriosis when clinical therapy is warranted. As a zoonotic pathogen, Campylobacter has a broad animal reservoir and infects humans via contaminated food, water or milk. Antibiotic usage in both animal agriculture and human medicine, can influence the development of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter. This review will describe the trend in fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance in Campylobacter, summarize the mechanisms underlying the resistance to various antibiotics and discuss the unique features associated with the emergence, transmission and persistence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter. Special attention will be given to recent findings and emphasis will be placed on Campylobacter resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides. A future perspective on antibiotic resistance and potential approaches for the control of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter, will also be discussed.
  • 14.

    【2hr】Anti-toxin antibodies in prophylaxis and treatment of inhalation anthrax

    包量

    机译 抗毒素抗体预防和治疗吸入性炭疽
    摘要：The CDC recommend 60 days of oral antibiotics combined with a three-dose series of the anthrax vaccine for prophylaxis after potential exposure to aerosolized Bacillus anthracis spores. The anthrax vaccine is currently not licensed for anthrax postexposure prophylaxis and has to be made available under an Investigational New Drug protocol. Postexposure prophylaxis based on antibiotics can be problematic in cases where the use of antibiotics is contraindicated. Furthermore, there is a concern that an exposure could involve antibiotic-resistant strains of B. anthracis. Availability of alternate treatment modalities that are effective in prophylaxis of inhalation anthrax is therefore highly desirable. A major research focus toward this end has been on passive immunization using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against B. anthracis toxin components. Since 2001, significant progress has been made in isolation and commercial development of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that function as potent neutralizers of anthrax lethal toxin in both a prophylactic and therapeutic setting. Several new products have completed Phase I clinical trials and are slated for addition to the National Strategic Stockpile. These rapid advances were possible because of major funding made available by the US government through programs such as Bioshield and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority. Continued government funding is critical to support the development of a robust biodefense industry.
  • 15.

    【2hr】New insights into the pathogenesis and detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections

    包量

    机译 肺炎支原体感染的发病机理和检测的新见解
    摘要：Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in persons of all ages and may be responsible for up to 40% of community-acquired pneumonias. A wide array of extrapulmonary events may accompany the infections caused by this organism, related to autommunity or direct spread. This review includes a discussion of the latest knowledge concerning the molecular pathological basis of mycoplasmal respiratory disease, how the organism interacts with the host immune system and its association with the development of chronic conditions such as asthma, recent emergence of macrolide resistance and the status of laboratory diagnostic methods.
  • 16.

    【2hr】Autophagy, an immunologic magic bullet: Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome maturation block and how to bypass it

    包量

    机译 自噬，一种免疫学的魔术子弹：结核分枝杆菌吞噬体成熟阻滞物以及如何绕过它
    • 作者：Vojo Deretic
    • 刊名：Future Microbiology
    • 2008年第5期
    摘要：Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that parasitizes host macrophages where it persists in immature phagosomes by avoiding their maturation into phagolysosomes. The mechanisms of how M. tuberculosis inhibits phagolysosome biogenesis have been researched in detail and the maturation block at least partially depends on the manipulation of host phosphoinositide interconversions, with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) being a central target since it has been shown to be required for phagolysosome biogenesis. PI3P earmarks intracellular organelles for binding and assembly of effector molecules that interact with PI3P or its derivatives, including Class E Vps proteins such as Hrs and ESCRT components, early endosome antigen 1, which are required for sequential protein and membrane sorting within the endosomal and, by extension, phagosomal systems. In a search of a cellular mechanism that can bypass the tubercule bacillus-imposed PI3P block, researchers have uncovered a new general bactericidal process, autophagy, which can eliminate intracellular pathogens. This is a new, rapidly growing field replete with possibilities for novel, previously untried immunologic and pharmacologic interventions applicable not only to TB but to other stubborn bacterial, parasitic and viral diseases.
  • 17.

    【2hr】Malaria control in Africa: a mirage à trois

    包量

    机译 非洲的疟疾控制：三人的海市rage楼
    摘要：
  • 18.

    【2hr】Living on the edge: Inhibition of Host Cell Apoptosis by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    包量

    机译 生活在边缘：结核分枝杆菌抑制宿主细胞凋亡
    摘要：
  • 19.

    【2hr】Improving therapeutic strategies for secondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza

    包量

    机译 改善流感后继发性细菌性肺炎的治疗策略
    摘要：
  • 20.

    【2hr】Use of high-throughput mass spectrometry to elucidate host–pathogen interactions in Salmonella

    包量

    机译 使用高通量质谱法阐明沙门氏菌中的宿主-病原体相互作用
    摘要：Capabilities in mass spectrometry are evolving rapidly, with recent improvements in sensitivity, data analysis and, most important from the standpoint of this review, much higher throughput, allowing analysis of many samples in a single day. This short review describes how these improvements in mass spectrometry can be used to dissect host–pathogen interactions using Salmonella as a model system. This approach has enabled direct identification of the majority of annotated Salmonella proteins, quantitation of expression changes under various in vitro growth conditions and new insights into virulence and expression of Salmonella proteins within host cells. One of the most significant findings is that a relatively high percentage of all the annotated genes (>20%) in Salmonella are regulated post-transcriptionally. In addition, new and unexpected interactions have been identified for several Salmonella virulence regulators that involve protein-protein interactions, suggesting additional functions of these regulators in coordinating virulence expression. Overall high-throughput mass spectrometry provides a new view of host–pathogen interactions, emphasizing the protein products and defining how protein interactions determine the outcome of infection.
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