Dietary Intake and Fecal Excretion of Titanium Dioxide in U.S. Adults From Lowell Massachusetts

摘要

Engineered nanomaterials, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2/E171) are used in food primarily as a whitening agent. Over 99% ingested TiO2 passes to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract while 1% is absorbed and shown to bioaccumulate in organs and may cause adverse outcomes. At present, dietary exposure of TiO2 in the US is unknown. The objective is to estimate dietary TiO2 and measure TiO2 output in matched stool samples as a biological marker of intake.