Unchartered waters: the unintended impacts of residual chlorine on water quality and biofilms

摘要

a The three independent high density polyethylene loops, each 203 m long, ensuring pipe effects dominate, with Pennine Water Group coupons (comprising outers and inserts) facilitating biofilm sampling25,35,36. Water quality was monitored using online metres and spot samples. b Schematic of one loop showing: enclosed reservoir tank, pump, type of pipelines, valves and monitoring equipment. C/T1 denotes the location of turbidity and chlorine metres during growth, C/T2 indicates the relocation of a set of metres (from one of the other loops) during flushing to enable extra monitoring of the loop being flushed.