Effects of ethanol and nicotine co-administration on follicular atresia and placental histo-morphology in the first-generation mice pups during intrauterine development and lactation periods

摘要

Schematic representation of experimental design in different groups of mothers and offspring. CTL group: control group; Veh group: vehicle group received normal saline; Ni group: nicotine group received 1 mg/kg/day nicotine, subcutaneously; EtOH group: ethanol group received 3 g/kg/day, 20 % v/v ethanol intraperitoneally; Ni + EtOH group: ethanol plus nicotine which received both.