The effects of prenatal and lactational exposure to chromium picolinate or picolinic acid on the development of CD-1 mice.

摘要

Chromium(III) picolinate, Cr(pic)3, is a widely marketed dietary supplement. However, Cr(pic)3 has been associated with oxidative damage to DNA in rats and mutations and DNA fragmentation in cell cultures. The cation [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3) 6(H2O)3]+, hereafter referred to as Cr3, has been studied as an alternative supplemental source of chromium. It has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and lower glycated hemoglobin levels in rats, making it attractive as a potential therapeutic treatment for gestational diabetes. To date, no studies have been published regarding the safety of chromium picolinate or Cr3 supplementation on a developing fetus, although Cr(pic)3 has been recommended for pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes.;The effects of prenatal exposure to Cr(pic)3, picolinic acid (PA), or Cr3 on development were investigated in a series of studies. The results indicate that exposure to high dosages of Cr(pic)3 may result in an increased incidence of cervical arch defects. The toxicity of chromium compounds is believed to be a function of the ligand, as exposure to high dosages of CrCl3 or Cr3 did not produce an increased incidence of cervical arch defects. No other malformations or any signs of maternal toxicity were observed with any of the treatments.;Pups exposed to PA tended to weigh less than either control or Cr(pic) 3-exposed pups, although the differences were not significant. Offspring of PA-treated dams also appeared to display impaired learning ability, diminished olfactory orientation ability, and decreased forelimb grip strength, although the differences among the treatment groups were not significant. Despite a lack of statistical significance, the overall results of this study suggest that high dosages of picolinic acid, and to a lesser extent, Cr(pic) 3, may have adverse effects on neurological development.;Non-physiologically relevant concentrations were used in these studies, and therefore caution must be used in the interpretation of these results with regard to potential risk to humans. The results of this study indicate that high levels of Cr(pic)3 and PA supplementation to pregnant females, such as women with gestational diabetes, may possibly result in adverse effects in their offspring. However, additional research would be required to adequately assess the potential risk of harm.