Percutaneous endoscopic-assisted direct repair of pars defect without general anesthesia could be a satisfying treatment alternative for young patient with symptomatic lumbar spondylolysis: a technique note with case series

摘要

The surgery was performed under local anesthesia supplemented with epidural anesthesia ( ); An 18-G spinal needle was inserted and navigated toward the defected pars under image intensifier ( , ); A working channel was placed properly ( ); The scar and sclerosis were cleaned by using the forceps and bur carefully ( )