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Combining Costs and Benefits of Animal Activities to Assess Net Yield Outcomes in Apple Orchards

机译:结合动物活动的成本和收益来评估苹果园的净收益

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摘要

Diverse animal communities influence ecosystem function in agroecosystems through positive and negative plant-animal interactions. Yet, past research has largely failed to examine multiple interactions that can have opposing impacts on agricultural production in a given context. We collected data on arthropod communities and yield quality and quantity parameters (fruit set, yield loss and net outcomes) in three major apple-growing regions in south-eastern Australia. We quantified the net yield outcome (accounting for positive and negative interactions) of multiple animal activities (pollination, fruit damage, biological control) across the entire growing season on netted branches, which excluded vertebrate predators of arthropods, and open branches. Net outcome was calculated as the number of undamaged fruit at harvest as a proportion of the number of blossoms (i.e., potential fruit yield). Vertebrate exclusion resulted in lower levels of fruit set and higher levels of arthropod damage to apples, but did not affect net outcomes. Yield quality and quantity parameters (fruit set, yield loss, net outcomes) were not directly associated with arthropod functional groups. Model variance and significant differences between the ratio of pest to beneficial arthropods between regions indicated that complex relationships between environmental factors and multiple animal interactions have a combined effect on yield. Our results show that focusing on a single crop stage, species group or ecosystem function/service can overlook important complexity in ecological processes within the system. Accounting for this complexity and quantifying the net outcome of ecological interactions within the system, is more informative for research and management of biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes.
机译:不同的动物群落通过正负的植物-动物相互作用影响农业生态系统中的生态系统功能。但是,过去的研究在很大程度上未能检验在给定背景下可能对农业生产产生不利影响的多种相互作用。我们收集了澳大利亚东南部三个主要苹果种植地区的节肢动物群落以及产量质量和数量参数(坐果,产量损失和净产量)的数据。我们量化了整个生长期在网状分支上的多种动物活动(授粉,水果损害,生物控制)的净产量结果(解释了正向和负向相互作用),其中网状分支不包括节肢动物的脊椎动物捕食者和开放的分支。净结果的计算方法是收获时未损坏的水果数量与开花数量的比例(即潜在的水果产量)。脊椎动物的排斥导致较低的坐果水平和较高的节肢动物对苹果的损害,但不影响净结实。产量质量和数量参数(坐果,产量损失,净产量)与节肢动物功能组没有直接关系。模型差异和区域间有害生物与有益节肢动物的比率之间的显着差异表明,环境因素与多种动物相互作用之间的复杂关系对产量具有综合影响。我们的结果表明,仅关注单个作物阶段,物种组或生态系统功能/服务可以忽略系统内生态过程中的重要复杂性。考虑到这种复杂性并量化系统内生态相互作用的净结果,对于研究和管理农业景观中的生物多样性和生态系统服务更为有益。

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  • 作者

    Manu E. Saunders; Gary W. Luck;

  • 作者单位
  • 年(卷),期 -1(11),7
  • 年度 -1
  • 页码 e0158618
  • 总页数 16
  • 原文格式 PDF
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