Association between Antibiotic Use among Pregnant Women with Urinary Tract Infections in the First Trimester and Birth Defects National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997 to 2011

摘要

BackgroundPrevious studies noted associations between birth defects and some antibiotics (e.g., nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides) but not others (e.g., penicillins). It is unclear if previous findings were due to antibiotic use, infections, or chance. To control for potential confounding by indication, we examined associations between antibiotic use and birth defects, among women reporting urinary tract infections (UTIs).