Inflammatory Double Hit Model of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder with Elevated CCL2 CXCL9 CXCL10 RANTES and Behavioral Hypersensitivity in TNFR1/R2−/− Mice

摘要

BackgroundPatients with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), reactive arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis often have combined etiology of hereditary and microenvironmental factors contributing to joint pain. Multiple clinical and animal studies indicate “double-hit” inflammatory insults can cause chronic inflammation. The first inflammatory insult primes the immune system and subsequent insults elicit amplified responses. The present “double hit” study produced a chronic orofacial pain model in mice with genetic deletion of both TNFα receptors (TNFR1/R2−/−), investigating the main nociceptive signaling pathways in comparisons to wild type mice.